Psychological Egoism Vs Ethical Egoism

Egoism refers to a corruptive attribute of modern societies which makes people to prioritize their own self-interests more than anything else. It can also be defined as the view that human action is guided by individual human needs. A while ago, ethical egoism was considered to be a perspective that was closely related to the ideas of psychological egoism. Distinction between the two is, however, desirable in order to maintain the difference between what people do and what they should do (Maccarelli 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological Egoism Vs Ethical Egoism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Psychological egoism shows the nature of human motivation. It states that human beings are motivated by selfish interests and that a seemingly selfless act is actually self serving. For example, if Peter buys his girlfriend a new dress, he does so selfishly because he wants to be associated with a girl who wears expensive dresses. Additionally, if Dan fails to go on a trip with his classmates in order to help a sick friend, he does so selfishly because he this is what he wants to do. He also does so in order to be recognized as a good person. Another reason for being left with his friend could be because he wants to avoid feeling guilty for leaving his sick friend alone (Weber 1). Thus being left with his friend will make him feel better. Ethical egoism has a normative perspective towards human action and it states that human actions ought to be aimed at the fulfillment of individual wants and desires. This is the case regardless of the morals of the action that is bound to fulfill the wants and desires of the individual. Thus, if Kennedy wants to lie for his benefit, this is the right action for Kennedy to take regardless of the effects that the lie will have on the other person. Additionally, if Beth wants to gain wealth and then guard her sexual morality, this is the right thing for her to do because it is what she desires. With this argument, ethical egoism promotes unethical behavior (Maccarelli 2 – 3). Ethical egoism is subjected to a lot of criticism due to its disregard of morals. As discussed, according to ethical egoism, the right thing to do is that which fulfils the desires of the doer. This is utter disregard of what is morally right in the society. Human wants and desires are normally against the moral expectations of the society and thus ethical egoism can be viewed as a drawback to the upkeep of morals. On the other hand, psychological egoism explains reasons for human actions using motivational reasoning and thus it does not conflict with norms. With this argument, therefore, psychological egoism is better than ethical egoism (Weber 1).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The motivation of a person to act in his/her own self-interest does not mean that what they are motivated to do is what they ought to do. This is a layman explanation of the distinction between psychological and ethical egoism. The distinction makes us realize how difficult it is to do what is right. It is wrong to reject ethical conduct altogether (Maccarelli 2) due to stipulations of ethical egoism. This is shows the weakness of ethical egoism since it supports wrong action. Ethical behavior entails disregarding self interest and considering the moral rights of others. Therefore, regardless of the stipulations of human psychology, human beings should value the moral significance of others. Works Cited Maccarelli, Sarah. â€Å"Psychological Egoism Vs. Ethical Egoism.† 2006. Web. Weber, Elijah. â€Å"Ethical Vs. Psychological Egoism: The Difference and Why It Matters.† 2009. Web. This essay on Psychological Egoism Vs Ethical Egoism was written and submitted by user Isaias P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

LAND LAW ASSIGNMENT 2015 Essays - English Property Law, Free Essays

LAND LAW ASSIGNMENT 2015 Essays - English Property Law, Free Essays Before the raft of property legislation brought into force in 1926 all land was unregistered and title to the land had to be deduced from the deeds and documents and from inspection of the land. The Land Registration Act 1925 was introduced in order to simplify conveyancing and show a mirror of the title to a purchaser in one single document called a Title Information Document. The LRA 1925 has now been repealed and replaced by the LRA 2002. LRA 2002 is designed to further simplify the process of conveyancing. The Land Registration Act 2002 was introduced in response to the Law Commission and HM Land Registry report, Land Registration for the Twenty-first Century (2001). The act simplified and modernised the law of land registration; made the register reflect a more accurate picture of a title to land, showing more fully the rights and subsidiary interests that affect it; and was intended to facilitate the introduction of e-conveyancing. Although the LRA 2002 replaces the LRA 1925 i n its entirety, it stands on the same structure and differs only in detail . This system was intended to advance the efficiency of conveyancing by making it easier and hassle-free to conduct transactions with the land. Certain interests can be protected as minor interest by means of notice or restrictions under LRA2002. According to the report by the Law Commission , Land Registration for the Twenty First Century : A Conveyancing Revolution : (Law Com No 254) , one of the reasons for reform was that overriding interest was calling for too much litigation which should be reduced. Plus, it is only common sense that the very concept of overriding interest contradicts the principle behind land registration. The legislation was too complex, which affected the registration of interests. Also there was a gap between the act of transfer and subsequently registration which should be reduced with the use of technology. It was also agreed that in age of computing, there werent provisions in th e earlier act which supports electronic conveyancing. The Commission was also of the opinion that the laws regarding adverse possession needed a transformation. So basically, the LRA 2002 wishes to achieve the original intentions of the LRA 1925. As illustrated in Overseas Investment Services Ltd v Sim Co build Construction Ltd judicial opinion was also one for change. In this case Peter Gibson LJ stated, as overriding interests constitute an exception to the mirror of title principle, the court should in my opinion, bet be astute to give a wide meaning to any item constituting an overriding interest. The Register is supposed to be a perfect mirror of a title to a registered property but it is not due to category called overriding interests which binds registered proprietor regardless of his state of knowledge as to their existence. These overriding interests are governed by Schedule 3 of the Land Registration Act. There are quite a number of interests of which the main ones include short legal leases for less than 7 years found in paragraph 1, interest of persons in actual occupation found in paragraph 2 and easements and profits a prendre found in paragraph 3. LRA 1925, s.70(1)(g) protects an interest in land where its owne r is in actual occupation on the land. The justification for having overidding interest which exits outside the register is that they will be discoverable on inspection. The balance between the interest of purchaser and the objective of 1925 act and the interest of person who for some social or technical reason require the additional protection of an overidding interest. Balance should therefore be struck. Difficulty with this theory is that is pre-supposes that all overidding interests are discoverable on inspection. For instance, the right of an adverse possessor were protected under s70(1)(f) LRA 1925 but there was no requirement that he should be in actual possession . His rights might not, therefore , have been discoverable on inspection and indeed they might not even have known to the vendor , as in Red house Farms (Thordon) Ltd v Catchpole where the owner was unaware that defendant was shooting fowl on his land and looking at the case of Prudential Assurance Company Limited v Waterloo

Arizona State Museum building located in the University of Arizona Essay

Arizona State Museum building located in the University of Arizona - Essay Example This will take into consideration of the context, audience and the visual impact. I hope to comprehend and convey to the reader how this type of building is designed and the type of collections of the building employ the use ethos, pathos, and ethos. Audience : My audience will be the teacher of my English class. He has in depth comprehension of rhetorical appeals, in this regard I must present my argument using the accurate knowledge of rhetoric. I am obliged to avoid advocating and generalizing. Context: My paper will be one of the papers that my teacher will read this assignment, so I have to be insightful and creative in my analysis. I have to make arguments in order to grab his attention. Outline Introduction: I plan on using my introduction to establish my own ethos as well as describe the the structure and design of the building that is being analyzed. I will describe my experience in and outside of the Arizona State Museum building which will help the reader to understand tha t I had the opportunity to analyze the building at is significance in the University of Arizona. ... Introduction When we think about teaching rhetoric and critiquing rhetorical acts, we base out thoughts on text and artifacts that are primarily oral or written. Nonetheless, our day to day experiences are saturated with the rhetorical invocation that move beyond the written word to visual. The objective of this essay is to explore the multi – modality of the rhetoric and illustrates how we think about the rhetoric on a wider perspective. The arguments regarding architecture particularly invoke this focus that deals with the nature objects, spaces and artifacts (Rosteck 45). This case study looks at one specific building known as Arizona State Museum building in order to show how this type of rhetoric takes place. Despite the distinct content of the building, the visual, textual and experimental are all used mimetically. This means that multi- model rhetoric on this site imitates the form a function of a natural history museum in order to persuade its visitors of its legitimac y. The Arizona State Museum building is the oldest and the largest anthropology museum located in the southwest region of the campus was established in 1893 by the Arizona Territorial Legislature. This building is the state’s official permitting agency for archeology and paleontologist projects. This is one of the oldest research units at the University of Arizona. It is known for hosting numerous researchers around the world and allow them to use the collection to expand their frontier of their knowledge in enthology, ethnohistory and archeology. The museum resides among several buildings. Most of these buildings look similar as they are made of stone colored concrete slabs and reflective

Article Summary + Its Application at an Organization Essay

Article Summary + Its Application at an Organization - Essay Example Because of this study, the authors hope a clearer picture is painted on not only why HR managers might pass on suggestions, but also which practices supported by research do not concern practitioners in the field. The authors also import insights from the Canadian Human Rights Tribunals and how that organization selects individuals to serve on the committee, which is an interesting interdisciplinary attempt to draw on different sources, beyond simply those working in the human resources field. As a result, Simola, Taggar and Smith (2007) emphasize the concept of â€Å"alignment† between practice and theory. The study looked at 329 human resources professionals in a central Canadian province, 301 of whom had completed interviews over the past 12 months prior to the survey. Participants completed a survey that examined six dimensions of interview structure, including job analysis, standardized administration, behavioral questions, training, note taking, and interview panels. HR professions in the study were measured according to a Likert scale on how often they employed such techniques. In addition to comparing the frequency of using particular interviewing techniques with descriptive statistics, the authors regressed perceived interviewing expertise of the practitioners and their preparedness to respond to candidates’ concerns onto the six-dimensional variable of interview structure. Firstly, the research found that Canadian human resources professionals converge with the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal in terms of what interview practices are valued by deviating from professional standards and recommendations of research scholars of employment interviewing. Secondly, human resources professionals do not make much use of standardization despite recommendations from research scholars and more frequent use of the technique by Human Rights Tribunals. Thirdly, both Human Rights Tribunals and interview

Carl Eugene Watts aka The Sunday Morning Slasher Speech or Presentation

Carl Eugene Watts aka The Sunday Morning Slasher - Speech or Presentation Example Therefore, learning about serial killers is a significant aspect of legal practitioners in order to separate the myths from the truths. In this case, it is important for legal practitioners to learn about different serial killers in American history. Based on the foregoing, this expose elucidates  on the life and times of  one of the  most prolific serial killers in  America known  as Carl Eugene Watts, nicknamed as â€Å"The Sunday Morning Slasher.† According to Walter and White (2008), Carl Eugene Watts  was born  on 11 July 1953 to Richard, a private in the army, and Dorothy Mae, a kindergarten teacher, in Killeen, Texas. However, the parents separated when Carl was less than two years old leaving him at the care of his mother. Consequently, her mother moved to Inkster, Michigan where she married a mechanic called Norman Caesar, with whom she bore two daughters. However, Bell (n.d.) noted that Carl did not like his stepfather and consequently had problems adju sting to this new lifestyle, which arose from the fear of losing his mother. During his child, Carl developed a fantasy to torture and kill girls and young women. Indeed, he attacked a young woman aged 26 years while at the age of 15 years as he delivered newspapers (Bell, n.d.). Consequently, Carl underwent a psychiatrist evaluation whereby he talked of his strange dream. However, Hewitt, Stewart, and Cosgriff (2002) reported that Carl responded that the strange dreams and fantasies he experienced were not disturbing him and he derived satisfaction once he had these dreams and fantasies (as cited in Bell, n.d.). At school, Carl had difficulties in learning, although he excelled in baseball, due to an incident of meningitis he suffered at the age of 8 years old. Indeed, at the age of 16 years, Carl was at third grade level of reading. However, his mother guided him and tutored him whereby he  graduated from high school at the age of  19 years. Although Carl recorded poor grades in school, he excelled in sports, which was a way of releasing his aggressive behavior. Eventually, Lane College, in Jacksonville, awarded him a football scholarship although he left school after several months in school once he suffered minor leg injuries (Bell, n.d.). As earlier explained, Carl’s first encounter with the law was at the age of 15 years when he assaulted a 26 year old named Joan Gave. Consequently, Carl underwent trial and his subsequent sentencing was to a mental facility in Detroit called Lafayette Clinic where he underwent a psychiatrist examination. During the examination, the results indicated that Carl suffered from a mild form of mental retardation with an IQ of 75 (Walter & White, 2008). However, a police officer, who interviewed Carl after arrest, indicated that Carl had an â€Å"excellent memory† and appeared to be â€Å"very intelligent† (Leung, 2004). Carl’s career as a serial killer started in 1974 at the age of 20 years wher eby he kidnapped potential victims from the comfort and safety of their homes, tortured them, and finally killed these victims (Walter & White, 2008). According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (n.d.), a serial killing is â€Å"a series  of three or more killings, not less than  one of which  was committed  within the United  States, having common characteristics such as to suggest

Domestic Violence Against Women In India Sociology Essay

Domestic Violence Against Women In India Sociology Essay Domestic Violence is an act of physical, sexual or psychological abuse against a woman by someone who is intimately connected to her through marriage, family relation or acquaintanceship. It has its roots in the patriarchal set up of the society. Women have always been considered to be the weaker sex. Right from the later Vedic age to the 21st century, Indian women have never experienced the freedom that men have. They have always been subjected to inequality. The subordinate status of women combined with patriarchal ideologies is a major cause of domestic violence. According to United Nation Population Fund Report, around two-third of married Indian women are victims of Domestic Violence attacks. To protect women against Domestic Violence, the Parliament passed The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 According to this act, any woman who has been subjected to domestic violence can file a complaint to the police officer, protection officer or the magistrate in the for m of Domestic Incident Report, which is similar to an FIR. However, this act is not enough. In light of the increasing instances of domestic violence against women, the government needs to take more stringent measures to reduce the prevalence of domestic violence against women. Objectives The objectives of this project are as follows:- What is the magnitude of domestic violence against women in India? What is the prevalence of physical, sexual and psychological abuse against Indian women? What community and families are associated with domestic violence against women? Whether domestic violence is more prevalent in the higher or in the lower strata of the society. Methodology Hypothesis: The prevalence of Domestic Violence against women is an indication of patriarchal ideologies The survey was conducted in Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai and Ahmadabad in 2012. The survey includes forty women who represent different families culturally as well socially i.e. they belong to different stratus of the society. The study is based mainly on quantitative data. It has tried to get empirically sound and statistically reliable data regarding the physical, sexual and psychological abuse against women. Qualitative methodology has been used to interpret and analyze the data collected. Review of Literature Behind Closed Doors by Rinki Bhattacharya is one of the few books which deal with Domestic Violence against women in India. This book contains narratives by seventeen women who have been the victims of domestic violence. These women have showed immense courage in sharing their stories. These heart- wrenching narratives bring home the fact that domestic violence is still very prevalent and that no amount of privilege can protect women from abuse. A documentary film called Char Diwari was made on this book. The fact that this documentary has been telecasted only twice and that too at midnight shows that such issues are still not brought out open in the public. This book also contains essays by eminent feminists and other sociologists who have tried to analyze the phenomenon of Domestic Violence. What they really try to say is that in a country like India, where people worship the female power of Shakti in the form of goddess, why should women be subjected to domestic violence? Then there are further essays which deal with the loopholes in the domestic violence bill. The book ends with a road map to support the victims of domestic violence. This book should definitely be read by those who wish to bring about a change in d position of the women in the society. There is a case study on domestic violence against women in Nagpur. This Case Study has been conducted by International Clinical Epidemiologists Network (INCLEN). On the basis of the survey conducted, it was found out that nearly sixty- two percent of the women have been subjected to some form of domestic violence. Most of these women have been the victims of psychological abuse (60.2 % as compared to 37.9 % of the women being subjected to physical abuse ). Ten percent of these women left their husbands but most of them had to return since their natal families refused to accept them. There is still a social stigma attached to leaving your husband and the root cause of this is the patriarchal ideologies which are still widespread today. Another Case Study deals with domestic violence in Kerala. This has been conducted by Centre for Womens Studies and Development, Kerala. Around fifty five percent of the women admit being subjected to domestic violence. In Kerala most of the women have been victimized due to issues related to dowry. Like in Nagpur, psychological abuse is very high in Kerala. (54.23% as compared to 32.4% of thee women who are subjected to physical violence). In Kerala the literacy rate is almost 100 percent, yet women are victimized. What does this show? It again goes back to the patriarchal ideologies that have existed since time immemorial. Results and Interpretation of Data Table 1: Socio Demographic Profile: TOTAL 40 HIGHER STRATA OF THE SOCIETY 27 LOWER STRATA OF THE SOCIETY 13 AGE (in years) Woman Respondent Husband 32 36 33 37 31 35 EDUCATION Woman Respondent Illiterate Primary ( 1-5 ) Secondary ( 6-12 ) >12 Husband Illiterate Primary ( 1-5) Secondary ( 6-12 ) >12 4 6 7 23 0 4 8 28 0 0 5 22 0 0 2 25 4 6 2 1 0 4 6 3 EMPLOYMENT Woman Respondent Unemployed Employed Husband Unemployed Employed 27 23 6 34 17 10 0 27 4 9 6 7 This table shows that literacy rate is lower among the woman respondents as compared to their husbands. The overall employment rate is higher among the husbands. However as far as the lower strata of the society is concerned, more women are employed than men. Now we come to the prevalence of domestic violence. First the researcher will deal with the women of the higher strata of the society. 20 out of 27 women have admitted to being subjected to domestic violence by their husbands. Out of these 20 women, 12 have been physically abused, 5 psychologically and 3 sexually. As far as the women of the lower strata are concerned all the 13 of them have been subjected to domestic violence. Out of these women, 8 are physically abused, 3 psychologically and 2 sexually. Graph showing the prevalence of Domestic Violence. Table 2 will show the lifetime physical abuse and Table 3 will show the lifetime psychological abuse. Table 2: Lifetime Physical Abuse :- TOTAL (20) HIGHER STRATA OF THE SOCIETY (12) LOWER STRATA OF THE SOCIETY (8) Slap 11 8 3 Kick 8 3 5 Weapon 1 1 0 Table 3: Lifetime Psychological Abuse:- TOTAL (8) HIGHER STRATA OF THE SOCIETY (5) LOWER STRATA OF THE SOCIETY (3) Insulted 5 3 2 Demeaned 2 2 0 Unfaithful 1 0 1 Now the researcher would like to draw your attention to the reasons as to why these women are subjected to domestic violence. Table 4 shows some of the reasons identified by these women. Table 4: Reasons as to why women are subjected to domestic violence:- TOTAL 33 HIGHER STRATA OF THE SOCIETY 20 LOWER STRATA OF THE SOCIETY 13 Not Cooking Properly 18 13 5 Not Looking after the Household 5 4 1 Harassment due to Dowry 4 3 1 Talking to Other Men 6 0 6 It is evident from the survey that Domestic Violence is extremely prevalent especially in the lower strata of the society. There is an inverse relationship between socio economic status and domestic violence. Both Education and Employment is also significant for physical and psychological violence. It is seen that women with lower education but better employment than their husbands are subjected to greater domestic violence. This is the case in the lower strata of the society. As far as the higher strata is concerned, it is generally the lesser educated and the unemployed women who are subjected to the wrath of their husbands. Legal Measures for Domestic Violence against women In India In India not much has been done to protect the rights of women. Women have been the victims of domestic violence since time immemorial, but the Domestic Violence Act was passed by the parliament as late as 2005. It was passed in the furtherance of the recommendations of the United Nations committee on the CEDAW. The following abuses are covered by this act:- Physical abuse Sexual abuse Verbal and emotional abuse Economic abuse This act provides women a right to stay in her matrimonial house, even if she does not have ownership rights over the house. Basically a husband cannot throw his wife out of his house. However her rights will extend only to her husbands properties and not to the properties of her in-laws. Under this act, a woman has the right to ask for help and protection. A victim of domestic abuse has the right to seek the help and services of police officers, protection homes, service providers, shelter homes and medical establishments. She also has the right to lodge a complaint under section 498 of the Indian Penal Code for matrimonial cruelty. Under this act, a woman can get the following orders issued in her favour:- Protection Order Residence Orders Monetary Relief Custody Orders Compensation Orders Interim and Ex parte Orders If the respondent is found to be guilty, he can be imprisoned for a term which may extend to one year or can be charged a fine which may extend to Rs 20,000 or both. He may also be asked to provide monetary relief to the victim and her children. In the latter situation, he has to pay compensation damages as well. He has to abide by the arrangements made by the court regarding the custody of the victims children. Drawbacks of the Legal Measures The Act is mainly criticized on the grounds that it is not backed up properly. There is no effort by the government to implement it effectively. Important factors such as the appointment and the training of the protection officers, police officers, service providers, counselors, and judicial officers have been ignored. The authorities lack the initiative to spread awareness. Moreover there is improper budgetary allocation. Most states have still not appointed the Protection Officers. In some states, where Protection Officers have been appointed, they are not aware of their duties and the legal remedies that are available to the victims of domestic violence. Another drawback is that that the act has not been publicized properly. The helpline numbers available to the victims have not been publicized properly. As a result, sometimes domestic violence goes unreported because the victim does not know whom to turn to for help. In some cases, the violence is reported, but no case is filed i n the court. There is a big difference in the number of cases that are reported and the number of cases which are actually heard in the court. These are the drawbacks of the legal measures. Remedial Measures A crucial question in the light of the increasing instances of domestic violence is that what should be done to control and reduce it. As responsible citizens should we just sit and read articles and collect information about domestic violence or should we raise our voices against it?Today Domestic Violence is being viewed as an epidemic disease which needs to be controlled. Many Law agencies, Governmental and Non Governmental Organizations, public and private bodies are working for this cause. We need more stringent laws to curb domestic violence. At present we do not have a single law in the Indian Constitution which effectively deals with the issue of Domestic Violence. Even section 498 A of the Indian Penal Code and The Domestic Violence Act, 2005 have been misused because of the restricted definition of the abuse that women are subjected to. As a result we need more stringent laws to protect the rights of women. There are several NGOs which are actively working in issues relating to women abuse. These NGOs need to spread awareness among women regarding the legal remedies that are available to them. They should encourage more and more women to come forward and report instances of domestic violence so that necessary action can be taken against the culprit. The Police and the Protection Officers need to be sensitized. They need to take Domestic Violence as seriously as other offences. They need to be made aware of their legal duties and the remedies that are available to the victims. Moreover care has to be taken to appoint efficient men as Police and Protection Officers. Gender training should me made mandatory. Steps need to be taken to recognize Domestic Violence as a public health. Training needs to be provided so as to develop the skills of the professionals to provide the basic support to the victims of domestic violence. Documentation on the health consequences of domestic violence should me made so as to spread awareness. Lastly the patriarchal mindset of the people has to be changed. Until and unless women are given due respect in the society, no amount of laws will be helpful. The root cause of domestic violence is patriarchal ideologies and that needs to be changed. Conclusion The study underlines that the situation of Indian women is quite severe in terms of the violence they experience in the marital home. Women are subject to frequent and multiple forms of violence in their lifetime. The main cause of this is the patriarchal mindset of the people. Men have always considered themselves to be the superior sex and have always tried to overpower women. Generally women do not raise their voices against men because they have been taught to believe that they are the inferior sex. In conclusion, it can be said that the hypothesis- The prevalence of Domestic Violence against women is an indication of patriarchal ideologies has been proved and a social reformation needs to be brought about soon. Questionnaire The women were asked the following questions: Name Age Husbands Age Educational Qualification Educational qualification of the husband Employment Husbands occupation Any Physical Violence? Slapped by the husband? Kicked by the husband? Used or threatened to use a weapon? Any Sexual Violence? Any Psychological Violence? Insulted by the husband? Demeaned by the husband? Was the husband unfaithful? Reasons for the violence as identified by the woman. Not cooking properly Not looking after the household Harassment due to dowry Talking to other men The limitation of this study is that in view of the social stigma attached to domestic violence, some women have been reluctant to answer these questions and as a result have not answered them truthfully.

Comparing Macbeth, Hamlet, and Othello Essay -- comparison compare co

Comparing Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Hamlet, and Othello  Ã‚      Shakespeare’s tragedies were extremely popular in Elizabethan times and today. A tragedy is described as â€Å"a sad, serious story or play, usually ending with the death of the hero. A disastrous, fatal or dreadful event.† By comparing the three plays, Macbeth, Hamlet and Othello it is possible to see how he has used techniques appropriate to tragedy and how he applied them to his plays. The opening of the play is significant because it sets the scene and the preceding atmosphere. When looking at the start of many of Shakespeare’s plays the audience generally discovers the protagonist by other characters. The audience also become aware of where the play is performed, together with important events contained in the play’s plot. In order to compose the openings of the plays it is necessary to examine the way in which Shakespeare uses setting, imagery, language, theme and structure. In doing this it will be possible to understand Shakespeare engages the audi ence attention in his opening scenes. The setting of a play is very important. The setting creates the mood and can say a lot about the characters in that scene, following scenes, and often introduces characters we have not yet met. In Othello a dubious character Iago is introduced in a dark alley. Dark, shady pathways are synonymous with wrong doings and give the audience a hint that the character is bad. Shakespeare does this therefore, to create a picture of the character. He puts that character in a stereotypical environment. There is a degree of mystery surrounding the dark as it limits your senses. This helps accentuate the idea that Iago is a dubious character. In Macbeth the witches appear amidst thunder and li... ... Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. http://chemicool.com/Shakespeare/macbeth/full.html, no lin. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Norton Critical ed. Ed. Cyrus Hoy. New York: Norton, 1992.   Shakespeare, William. Othello. Clayton: Prestwick House Inc., 2005

Learning and Cognition

Running head: LEARNING AND COGNITION PAPER Learning and Cognition Paper LaTrice N. Weams PSY/ 390 Esther Siler-Colbert, M. S. , ABD April 8, 2013 Learning and Cognition Paper Examining the different concepts surrounded around learning and cognition and how they relate to each other will be the main focus of the paper. Giving a true definition of what learning really is and how behavior determines how someone learns will provide enlightenment on how learning can be achieved when being done according to one’s learning abilities and cognition.What is the definition of learning? What role does behavior play in learning? Learning can be easily described as a combination of â€Å"comprehension,† â€Å"knowledge,† or â€Å"understanding† which has been put together to gain a complete understanding of what is being understood. However, in psychology Gregory A. Kimble (1917–2006), defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavioral potentiality t hat occurs as a result of reinforced practice (Kimble, 1961, p. 6).Kimble’s definition includes 5 important aspects being: (1) an observable behavior, (2) a semi-permanent change in one’s behavior, (3) the change in behavior does not need to be immediate, (4) experience or practice comes after the learned behavior, and (5) the aforementioned experience or practice needs to be reinforced. The behavior of constantly trying a concept multiple times until the desired level of achievement has been achieved is how learning is done. Since it is hard to show a tangible depiction of what learning is actively B.F. Skinner decided to make a box into which he put animals and was able to physically observe what learning was from watching the animals an action. What are two different types of learning? Describe each one in your response. The two different types of learning are instrumental and classical conditioning. Conditioning is a term that can be used as a descriptive measure f or learning; there are two types of conditioning; instrumental and classical (Olson, 2009).Instrumental conditioning can be described as working for a reward. Putting a child in a room with a gumball machine and pennies can prove instrumental conditioning is real. Once the child sees the gumball machine they will want one out of there. It will only take a few moments for the child to realize that they can put a penny in the machine and receive a gumball. This understanding was determined by B. F. Skinner when he put the animal in a box with a lever that produced a treat when the learned to push the lever.Classical conditioning was introduced by Ivan Pavlov and simply states that someone or something can be trained with a conditioned stimulus to produce an unconditioned response. For instance an adult that has the same lunch break every day at work is classically conditioned. The conditioned stimulus is the certain time of day that they go to break on a daily basis and the unconditio ned response would be getting hungry pains every day at that time once that lunch break has been passed. What is the relationship between learning and cognition? Provide a specific example.The relationship between learning and cognition is one that one needs the other in order to make learning possible. Cognition is the steps that one would go through in order to learn or gain knowledge to a certain skill. From infancy to Adulthood people go through certain levels of expected cognition to aid in the learning process. People are supposed to gain a certain amount of understanding so that learning can be proven that it is actually taking place. One specific example of learning and cognition would be a child learning how to read.They have to go through certain steps to be able to learn to read. Knowledge of alphabets, acknowledgement of alphabets, being able to put alphabets together to create words, understanding of what those words mean, and putting those words together to make senten ces in which understanding is fully acknowledged are the steps that a child goes through to learn to read. This paper has provided an understanding as to what learning is and how behavior is a main factor when it comes to how a person learns.It also provides a definition of what two learning types, which are instrumental and classical conditioning, with understanding as to how the two are distinguished from another. Understanding that cognition is the process that learning is acquired and without it neither one of them could exist alone. References Olson, M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. (2009). An introduction to theories of learning (8th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Kimble, G. A. (1961). Hilgard and Marquis’ conditioning and learning (2nd ed. ). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

In what ways does the presentation of Polonius contribute to the play Hamlet? Essay

‘Hamlet’ By William Shakespeare Question: In what ways does the presentation of Polonius contribute to the play Hamlet? Answer: Polonius, counsellor to the King, father of Ophelia and Laertes (and although there is no evidence, it is possible that he held a position at court under Hamlet’s father, the old King), seems to have a close and developed relationship with the Royal family and knows a lot about the family history and background in detail. With the audience knowing this, Shakespeare can use Polonius as a weapon against Claudius in order to protect himself or to blackmail the King. He is a man who is trusted by Claudius, the King of Denmark who tells Laertes, Polonius’ son, that his father is incalculably important to Denmark, † The head is not more native to the heart, The hand is more instrumental to the mouth, Than is the throne of Denmark to thy father. † (Act 1 Scene 2- Lines 47-49) Here, the audience would most probably be double-minded and slightly confused. This is because; this quote could have a double meaning. It could be that Claudius wants to get rid of Polonius but finds difflculty in doing so as he is a faithful servant towards himself, the King. Polonius could be an â€Å"instrumental† devise for Claudius for those critical times. We soon learn that Polonius is an over-protective father who only wants to protect his children from society and has a strong authority over his son and daughter. This is learnt when Claudius calls to Laertes: â€Å"Have you your father’s leave? What says Polonius? † (Act 1 Scene 2- Line 57) More evidence of Polonius’ fatherhood is reflected in Act 1 Scene 3, when Laertes is talking to Ophelia before he is about to leave for France. Polonius enters the scene giving lecture-like advice to Laertes about factors to engage in and factors not to engage in. † Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar. † (Act 1 Scene 3-Line 61) He does not trust his son, which is why Polonius calls on Reynaldo â€Å"to make inquire of his behaviour. † Not only this, but he gives long-winded advise to Ophelia without considering her feelings by playing with his words, and accusing Ophelia of not being able to make her own sensible decisions. â€Å"You speak like a green girl† (Act 1 Scene 3-Line 101) Polonius’ playing with words does not stop here; he uses plays on words to make himself seem intelligent, while the king and queen are not impressed at all. When he realizes that his ‘artificial intelligence’ is not working, he comes up with his â€Å"lovesick† plan (to spy on Hamlet and use Ophelia). Polonius does not only ‘educate’ his children for their own benefits but also to his advantage. He uses them, Ophelia in particular, to promote his career leading to Claudius to be proud when it is revealed that Ophelia is carrying out her father’s dirty work for him without knowing, which reveals the degree of Polonius’ craftiness. Polonius’ job is his priority (this is reflected when he uses Ophelia to maintain his head high in front of the King) and it is shown in the play that he is capable of going to extreme measures just in order to satisfy all and to keep his head high. I think he wants all too much to impress the king and queen, which explain his silly â€Å"talking in circles. † For example, when he says, â€Å"Give first admittance to th’ambassadors; My news shall be the fruit to that great feast. † (Act 2 Scene 2-Lines 51-52) Shakespeare uses a character like Polonius in this play to complement the whole play. Polonius’ ironical jokes make the audience laugh and balances out the play against the tense and important scenes in the play, HAMLET † Do you see yonder cloud that’s almost in shape of a camel? † POLONIUS † By th’mass, and ’tis like a camel indeed. HAMLET † Methinks it is like a weasel. POLONIUS † It is backed like a weasel. HAMLET † Or like a whale? POLONIUS † Very like a whale. (Act 3 Scene 2-Lines 339-344) In act 3 scene 2, when Polonius is told to fetch Hamlet, Hamlet plays with his words towards Polonius and makes him say anything that he, Hamlet chooses. Polonius is made to say that he sees imaginary shapes, which Hamlet suggests, are in the clouds.

Effect of Computers in Education Essays

Effect of Computers in Education Essays Effect of Computers in Education Essay Effect of Computers in Education Essay Class IX Chapter 15 â€Å" Improvement in Food Resources Science Question 1: What do we get from cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables Answer: (i) Cereals provide us with carbohydrates. Also, they are a rich source of energy. (ii) Pulses give us proteins. (iii) Fruits and vegetables are a rich source of vitamins and minerals. A small amount of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are also present in them. Page 1 of 14 Class IX Chapter 15 â€Å" Improvement in Food Resources Science Question 1: How do biotic and abiotic factors affect crop production Answer: A variety of biotic factors such as pests, nematodes, diseases, etc. can reduce the net crop production. A pest causes damage to agriculture by feeding on crops. For example, boll weevil is a pest on cotton. It attacks the cotton crop, thereby reducing its yield. Weeds also reduce crop productivity by competing with the main crop for nutrients, light, and space. Similarly, abiotic factors such as salinity, temperature, etc. affect the net crop production. Some natural calamities such as droughts and floods are unpredictable. Their occurrence has a great impact on crops sometimes, destroying the entire crop. Question 2: What are the desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvements Answer: The desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvements are: (i) Tallness and profuse branching in any fodder crop. (ii) Dwarfness in cereals. These desirable agronomic characteristics help in increasing crop productivity. Page 2 of 14 Class IX Chapter 15 â€Å" Improvement in Food Resources Science Question 1: What are macro-nutrients and why are they called macro-nutrients Answer: Macro-nutrientsare nutrients required in relatively large quantities for growth and development of plants. They are six in number. Since they are required in large quantities, they are known as macro-nutrient. The six macro-nutrients required by plants are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur. Question 2: How do plants get nutrients Answer: Plants require sixteen essential nutrients from nature for their growth and development. All these nutrients are obtained from air, water, and soil. Soil is the major source of nutrients. Thirteen of these nutrients are available from soil. The remaining three nutrients (carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen) are obtained from air and water. Page 3 of 14 Class IX Chapter 15 â€Å" Improvement in Food Resources Science Question 1: Compare the use of manure and fertilizers in maintaining soil fertility. Answer: Manures increase soil fertility by enriching the soil with organic matter and nutrients as it is prepared by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant wastes. On the other hand, fertilizers are mostly inorganic compounds whose excessive use is harmful to the symbiotic micro-organisms living in soil. Their excessive use also reduces soil fertility. Hence, fertilizers are considered good for only short term use. Page 4 of 14 Class IX Chapter 15 â€Å" Improvement in Food Resources Science Question 1: Which of the following conditions will give the most benefits Why (a) Farmers use high-quality seeds, do not adopt irrigation or use fertilizers. (b) Farmers use ordinary seeds, adopt irrigation and use fertilizer. (c) Farmers use quality seeds, adopt irrigation, use fertilizer and use crop protection measures. Answer: (c)Farmers using good quality seeds, adopting irrigation, using fertilizers, and using crop protection measures will derive most benefits. (i) The use of good quality seeds increases the total crop production. If a farmer is using good quality seeds, then a majority of the seeds will germinate properly, and will grow into a healthy plant. (ii) Proper irrigation methods improve the water availability to crops. (iii) Fertilizers ensure healthy growth and development in plants by providing the essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc. (iv) Crop protection measures include various methods to control weeds, pests, and infectious agents. I f all these necessary measures are taken by a farmer, then the overall production of crops will increase. Page 5 of 14 Class IX Chapter 15 â€Å" Improvement in Food Resources Science Question 1: Why should preventive measures and biological control methods be preferred for protecting crops Answer: Preventive measures and biological control methods should be preferred for protecting crops because excessive use of chemicals leads to environmental problems. These chemicals are also poisonous for plants and animals. Preventive measures include proper soil and seed preparation, timely sowing of seeds, intercropping and mixed cropping, usage of resistant varieties of crops, etc. On the other hand, biological control methods include the usage of bio-pesticides that are less toxic for the environment. An example of bio-pesticides is Bacillus thuringenesis,which is an insect pathogen that kills a wide range of insect larvae. Therefore, both preventive measures and biological control methods are considered eco- friendly methods of crop protection. Question 2: What factors may be responsible for losses of grains during storage Answer: During the storage of grains, various biotic factors such as insects, rodents, mites, fungi, bacteria, etc. and various abiotic factors such as inappropriate moisture, temperature, lack of sunlight, flood, etc. are responsible for losses of grains. These factors act on stored grains and result in degradation, poor germinability, discolouration, etc. Page 6 of 14 Class IX Chapter 15 â€Å" Improvement in Food Resources Science Question 1: Which method is commonly used for improving cattle breeds and why Answer: Cattle farming is commonly used for improving cattle breeds. The purpose of cattle farming is to increase the production of milk and draught labour for agricultural work. Dairy animals (females) are used for obtaining milk and draught animals (males) are engaged in agricultural fields for labour work such as carting, irrigation, tilling, etc. Cross breeding between two good varieties of cattle will produce a new improved variety. For example, the cross between foreign breeds such as Jersey Brown, Swiss (having long lactation periods) and Indian breeds such as Red Sindhi, Sahiwal (having excellent resistance power against diseases) produces a new variety having qualities of both breeds. Page 7 of 14 Class IX Chapter 15 â€Å" Improvement in Food Resources Science Question 1: Discuss the implications of the following statement: It is interesting to note that poultry is Indiaâ„ ¢s most efficient converter of low fibre food stuff (which is unfit for human consumption) into highly nutritious animal protein food. Answer: Poultry in India is the most efficient converter of low fibre food stuff into highly nutritious animal protein food. In poultry farming, domestic fowls are raised to produce eggs and chicken. For this, the fowls are given animal feeds in the form of roughage, which mainly consists of fibres. Thus, by feeding animals a fibre rich diet, the poultry gives highly nutritious food in the form of eggs and chicken. Page 8 of 14 Class IX Chapter 15 â€Å" Improvement in Food Resources Science Question 1: What management practices are common in dairy and poultry farming Answer: Common management practices in dairy and poultry farming are: (i) Proper shelter facilities and their regular cleaning. (ii) Some basic hygienic conditions such as clean water, nutritious food, etc. (iii) Animals are kept in spacious, airy, and ventilated place. (iv) Prevention and cure of diseases at the right time is ensured. Question 2: What are the differences between broilers and layers and in their management Answer: Layersare meant for egg production, whereas broilers are meant for poultry meat. Nutritional, environmental, and housing conditions required by broilers are different from those required by egg layers. A broiler chicken, for their proper growth, requires vitamin rich supplements especially vitamin A and K. Also, their diet includes protein rich food and enough fat. They also require extra care and maintenance to increase their survival rate in comparison to egg layers. Page 9 of 14 Class IX Chapter 15 â€Å" Improvement in Food Resources Science Question 1: How are fish obtained Answer: Fish can be obtained by two ways: (i) Capture fishing: It is the process of obtaining fish from natural resources. (ii) Culture fishery: It is the practice of farming fishes. Farming can be done in both freshwater ecosystem (which includes river water, pond water) and marine ecosystem. Question 2: What are the advantages of composite fish culture Answer: An advantage of composite fish culture is that it increases the yield of fish. In a composite fish culture, five or six different species are grown together in a single fish pond. Fishes with different food habitats are chosen so that they do not compete for food among themselves. Also, this ensures a complete utilization of food resources in the pond. As a result, the survival rate of fish increases and their yield also increases. Page 10 of 14 Class IX Chapter 15 â€Å" Improvement in Food Resources Science Question 1: What are the desirable characters of bee varieties suitable for honey production Answer: Bee varieties having the following desirable characters are suitable for honey production: (i) They should yield high quantity of honey. (ii) They should not sting much. (iii) They should stay in the beehive for long durations. (iv) They should breed very well. Question 2: What is pasturage and how is it related to honey production Answer: Pasturage is the availability of flowers from which bees collect nectar and pollen. It is related to the production of honey as it determines the taste and quantity of honey. Page 11 of 14 Class IX Chapter 15 â€Å" Improvement in Food Resources Science Question 1: Explain any one method of crop production which ensures high yield. Answer: Crop rotationis one of the methods of crop production that ensures high yield. It is the method of growing two or more varieties of crops on the same land in sequential seasons. A crop utilises some particular nutrients in larger quantities from the soil. Then, if the same crop is grown in subsequent seasons those nutrients will get depleted in the soil. Therefore, crops having different nutrient requirements are rotated. For example, legumes which have nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules supply the soil with nitrogen. Therefore, these legumes are rotated with nitrogen requiring cereals such as wheat and maize. This method reduces the need of fertilizers, thereby increasing the overall yield of crops. Question 2: Why are manures and fertilizers used in fields Answer: Manures and fertilizers are used in fields to enrich the soil with the required nutrients. Manure helps in enriching the soil with organic matter and nutrients. This improves the fertility and structure of the soil. On the other hand, fertilizers ensure a healthy growth and development in plants. They are a good source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. To get an optimum yield, it is instructed to use a balanced combination of manures and fertilizers in the soil. Question 3: What are the advantages of inter-cropping and crop rotation Answer: Inter-cropping and crop rotation both play an important role in increasing the yield of crops. Inter-cropping helps in preventing pests and diseases to spread throughout the field. It also increases soil fertility, whereas crop rotation prevents soil depletion, increases soil fertility, and reduces soil erosion. Both these methods reduce the need for fertilizers. It also helps in controlling weeds and controls the growth of pathogens and pests in crops. Page 12 of 14 Class IX Chapter 15 â€Å" Improvement in Food Resources Science Question 4: What is genetic manipulation How is it useful in agricultural practices Answer: Genetic manipulationis a process where the gene for a particular character is introduced inside the chromosome of a cell. When the gene for a particular character is introduced in a plant cell, a transgenic plant is produced. These transgenic plants exhibit characters governed by the newly introduced gene. For example, let us assume there is a wild plant that produces small fruits. If the gene responsible for a larger fruit size is introduced in this plant, this plant becomes transgenic, and starts producing larger fruits. Similarly, genes for higher yield, disease resistance, etc. can be introduced in any desired plant. Therefore, gene manipulation plays an important role in agricultural practices. It helps in improving crop variety. It ensures food security and insect resistant crops. It also improves the quality and yield of crops. Question 6: How do good animal husbandry practices benefit farmers Answer: Cattle farming is one of the methods of animal husbandry that is most beneficial for farmers. Using this method, better breeds of draught animals can be produced. Such draught animals are engaged in agricultural fields for labour work such as carting, irrigation, tilling, etc. Question 7: What are the benefits of cattle farming Answer: Benefits of cattle farming: (i) Good quality and quantity of milk can be produced. (ii) Draught labour animals can be produced for agricultural work. (iii) New variety that are resistant to diseases can be produced by crossing two varieties with the desired traits. Page 13 of 14 Class IX Chapter 15 â€Å" Improvement in Food Resources Science Question 8: For increasing production, what is common in poultry, fisheries and bee-keeping Answer: The common factor for increasing production in poultry, fisheries, and bee keeping is the proper management techniques that are to be followed. Regular cleaning of farms is of utmost importance. Maintenance of temperature and prevention and cure of diseases is also required to increase the number of animals. Question 9: How do you differentiate between capture fishing, mariculture and aquaculture Answer: Capture fishing It is the method of obtaining fishes from natural resources. Mariculture It is the culture of marine fishes for Aquaculture It involves the production of aquatic animals that are of high economic value such as prawns, lobsters, commercial use. fishes, crabs, etc. Page 14 of 14

(Social) Stereotype Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

(Social) Stereotype - Essay Example This paper focuses of stereotypes and stereotyping as a major form of â€Å"othering.† Othering is not a new phenomenon as this has existed throughout history. Various groups including African Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, Latinos, and white ethnic Americans have experienced stereotypical representation at different time periods. These periods in history include U.S. colonization and slavery, WWII and the Cold War. The stereotyping of Indian Americans for instance has a long history, and these stereotypes are mostly grave misconceptions of the American Indians (Churchill, 1992). Stereotyping has been defined in various ways. In this paper, stereotypes are considered as beliefs about characteristics, attributes, and behaviours of members of a certain group. Although not all the stereotypes are negative in nature, these are more likely to have negative connotations to the out-group members than the in-group members. There are two major sources of stereotypes. First is the mental representation of real differences between groups. In this case, stereotypes may be the real representations of reality and operate like object schemas, which allow easier processing of information about other people. Second, stereotypes may be formed about various groups independent of the real group differences. There are different forms of stereotyping. These include stereotyping on the basis of gender, class and race. These stereotypes are mainly culturally and socially constructed. First, the aspects of race, class, and gender together construct stereotypes. Each aspect gains meaning in relationship to the others. For instance, Latinos are stereotyped as â€Å"macho.† On the other hand, white women are sexually stereotyped as â€Å"madonnas.† Women in the upper class are also stereotyped as frigid and cold. Class and gender intermingle with race and gender in these stereotypes. Stereotypes may

Evidence relating to family issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evidence relating to family issue - Essay Example The understanding of major concerns impinging upon these families: interactions or relationships with healthcare providers and social support are improved when they are defined as family weaknesses, resources, and evaluation within the perspective of the family systems theory. Of these models, family evaluation emphasises the essence of observing the family from the point of view of the family itself (Bengston, Acock, Allen, Dilworth-Anderson, & Klein, 2004). This approach will be used in the assessment of the single-mother and her family as well as the potential stress she may experience due to the demands of motherhood, work life and care giving. This particular assessment will be used in identifying the best strategies for coping and managing time that she and her family can apply. Involvement in the treatment procedure could be difficult for healthcare providers and families for various causes. Nurses supporting adults with dementia showed dissatisfaction working with elderly caregivers and sensed that these caregivers were more doubtful than others they assisted (Smith, Coleman & Bradshaw, 2002). Furthermore, nurses observed parents were opposed to adjustments when it was, in the belief of the nurse, are for the benefit of the client (Hanson, 2001). The single-mother, being in her early forties and being the primary caregiver of her father, may have problems dealing with support service providers. Furthermore, being a single-parent to three children she may resist proposed family adjustment strategies from the nurse/s. She will more likely refuse to change her coping strategies and time management because these adjustments mean adjustments in the entire family systems and processes. In addition to that, her mother refuses to acquire healthcare support for her father for the reason that her mother believes that it is her responsibility to take care of her